The extraction of natural resources, such as hydrocarbons, minerals, or wood, as well as extensive plantations require the deforestation of hundreds of square kilometres. This negatively impacts biodiversity and local populations, who oftentimes are forced to move out of their lands.

Deforestation is also linked to the global value chains associated with food consumption. Avocados, mangos, Argentinian and Brazilian beef, and fish sourced off African coasts are ever more present in Western diets and in large food retail in Europe, North America and Asia. The access to international markets can have positive impacts on local economies in the South. However, unfair economic practices between and within countries can jeopardise local ecosystems and communities.

Today, the global food system is responsible for one quarter of all greenhouse gases contributing to climate change, as well as the decreasing resilience capacities of poor populations of the world.